Outbreaks of philophthalmiasis in ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Northeast Brazil

ABSTRACT: This study discusses the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological characteristics of two outbreaks ocular infection in ostriches (Struthio camelus) caused by trematode Philophthalmus sp. The occurred states Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Northeast Brazil. Ostrich farming was categorized as semi-intensive with free access to weir river. clinical symptoms for included nictitating membrane inflammation, epiphora (tearing), eyelid edema, congestion, eyeball destruction, emaciation, death, period ranged from 8 16 months. Macroscopically, thickening eyelids conjunctiva were observed, orange parasites infestation. Histologically, lesions characterized lymphoplasmacytic heterophilic, multifocal coalescing, moderate, chronic conjunctivitis associated hyperplasia ectasia Harderian gland, numerous parasites. oval flattened an oral suction cup, acetabulum, thick cuticle containing spicules. diagnosis philophthalmiasis based on findings morphological present conjunctival sacs which similar Philophthalmiasis can occur raised urban rural properties Northeastern Brazil, probably contact birds contaminated water, is severe that result loss death animals.